Tuesday, July 14, 2020

The Various Terms and Concepts of Breathing In and Out (ဝင္ေလ ထြက္ေလ ေဝါဟာရအစားစားႏွင့္ ဝင္ေလထြက္ေလအေပၚ အျမင္သေဘာထားမ်ား)


4.3.      The Various Terms and Concepts of Breathing In and Out

In the Pali texts, the term “assaso and passaso” can be found readily as a synonym of “ānāpāna”. The Buddha mentioned the word “ānāpāna”(āna+ āpāna) combined with “sati”, collectively as “ānāpānasati” (“Mindfulness of breathing meditation”) to use it as the title of meditation subject. But, in order to point out how to take this meditation subject, he applied only the former words, “assaso and passaso”.[1]
 
၄.၃ ဝင္ေလ ထြက္ေလ ေဝါဟာရအစားစားႏွင့္ ဝင္ေလထြက္ေလအေပၚ အျမင္သေဘာထားမ်ား

ပါဠိေတာ္မ်ားတြင္ “အႆာသ ႏွင့္ ပႆာသ” ဟူေသာ ေဝါဟာရကို “အာနာပါန” ဟူေသာ ပရိယာယ္စကားလံုးအျဖစ္ လြယ္လင့္တကူ ေတြ႔ႏိုင္ေပသည္။ ျမတ္ဗုဒၶသည္ “အာနာပါန” (အာန + အာပါန) ဟူေသာ စကားလံုးကို ကမၼ႒ာန္းေခါင္းစီးအျဖစ္ သံုးစြဲရန္အတြက္ “သတိ” ဟူေသာ စကားလံုးႏွင့္တြဲဖက္၍ အာနာပါနသတိ (ဝင္ေလထြက္ေလသတိကမၼ႒ာန္း) ေပါင္းစပ္ မိန္႔ေတာ္မူေပသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ဤကမၼ႒ာန္းကို မည္သို႔ပြားမ်ားအားထုတ္ရမည္ကို ျပဆိုရန္အတြက္မူ “အႆာသ ႏွင့္ ပႆာသ” ဟူေသာ ေရွ႔ကဆိုခဲ့သည့္ စကားလံုးမ်ားကိုသာ သံုးစြဲေတာ္မူခဲ့ေလသည္။

The terms, ‘assaso’ and ‘passaso’, are utilized in the diverse Suttas to refer to the in-breath and out-breath. In defining these meanings exegetically, some Buddhist traditions had the same opinion while some offered the reverse denotation. The Vinaya commentary and the Pali Text Society (PTS) dictionary took “assasa” as out-breath, and “passāsa” as in-breath whilst the Suttanta commentaries pronounced the opposite way round.[2]
 
“အႆာသ ႏွင့္ ပႆာသ” ဟူေသာ ေဝါဟာရတို႔ကို ဝင္ေလႏွင့္ ထြက္ေလကို ရည္ညႊန္းရန္အတြက္ သုတၱန္အစားစားတို႔တြင္ အက်ိဳးရွိရွိ သံုးစြဲထားခဲ့ေလသည္။ ဤအဓိပၸါယ္မ်ားကို ေဝဖန္ေစ့ငု အဓိပၸါယ္သတ္မွတ္ျခင္းျပဳရာတြင္ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာထံုးတမ္းစဥ္လာတို႔က ဆန္႔က်င္ဘက္ အဓိပၸါယ္ ေပးၾကေသာ္လည္း အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာထံုးတမ္းစဥ္လာတို႔၌မူ တူညီေသာ အျမင္သေဘာထားမ်ား ရွိၾကေပသည္။ သုတၱန္အ႒ကထာမ်ားက (“အႆာသ” ကို “ဝင္ေလ”၊ “ပႆာသ” ကို “ထြက္ေလ” ဟု) ဆန္႔က်င္ဘက္ ျပဆိုၾကခ်ိန္တြင္ ဝိနည္းအ႒ကထာႏွင့္ ပါဠိေတာ္က်မ္းစာအဖြဲ႕ (PTS) အဘိဓာန္တို႔ကမူ “အႆာသ” ကို “ထြက္ေလ”၊ “ပႆာသ” ကို “ဝင္ေလ” ဟု ေဖာ္ျပၾကေပသည္။ 

Regarding these words, the Vinaya commentary gave a reason as follows: 

ဤစကားလံုးမ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္၍ ဝိနည္းအ႒ကထာက ေအာက္ပါကဲ့သို႔ အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္ ေပးထားေပသည္ …
Once an infant immediately comes out from his mother’s womb, out-breath comes first. Later, the wind from outside enters bringing the delicate speck of dust and then hits the palate and is ended. By this initial way, how out-breath and in-breath should be appreciated.[3]
ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ မိခင္ဝမ္းမွ အျပင္သို႔ထြက္ေျမာက္လွ်င္ ထြက္ေျမာက္ျခင္း ဦးစြာပထမ ထြက္ေလ စတင္ျဖစ္ေပၚသည္။ ထို႔ေနာင္မွ အျပင္မွေလသည္  သိမ္ေမြ႔ႏူးညံ့ေသာ ျမဴမႈန္ကို သယ္ေဆာင္၍ ကိုယ္တြင္းသို႔ဝင္သည္၊ ထို႔ေနာင္ အာေခါင္ကို ထိၿပီးေနာက္ ၿပီးဆံုးျခင္းသို႔ ေရာက္ေလသည္။ ဤသို႔လွ်င္ ကနဦးျဖစ္ေပၚသည့္ လမ္းစဥ္အတိုင္း ထြက္ေလႏွင့္ ဝင္ေလျဖစ္ေပၚပံုကို သိမွတ္သင့္ေပသည္။
On the other hand, at the beginning of taking meditation, the meditators intentionally take breath-in at first and then breathe out. By means of this hypothesis, the Suttanta commentaries are perfectly out of tune with the earlier statement of the Vinaya commentary. 

အျခားတစ္ဖက္တြင္ ကမၼ႒ာန္းစတင္အားထုတ္ခ်ိန္၌ ေယာဂီတို႔သည္ ဝင္ေလကို စတင္ရႈမွတ္ၿပီး၊ ထြက္ေလကို ေနာက္မွ ရႈမွတ္ၾကေပသည္။ ဤအဆိုၾကမ္းအရ သုတၱန္အ႒ကထာမ်ား၏အဆိုသည္ ေရွ႕က ျပဆိုခဲ့ေသာ ဝိနည္းအ႒ကထာမ်ား၏ အဆိုႏွင့္ လံုးလံုးလ်ားလ်ား ကြဲျပားသြားေလသည္။ 

Ācariya Buddhaghosa in the Visuddhimagga avowed the divergence of these commentaries but he did not mention which one is correct. This may be due to the following rationale: a person who engaged in breathing meditation starting from either in or out breath, finally he got the fruits of work. Ācariya Buddhaghosa was implicitly aware of that work, therefore he might have deliberately chosen not to give any remarks on these different viewpoints.

ဆရာအရွင္ ဗုဒၶေဃာသသည္ ဝိသုဒၶိမဂ္က်မ္း၌ ဤအ႒ကထာမ်ား၏ (အဆိုစကား) ကြဲျပားမႈကို အတိအလင္းဝန္ခံခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း မည္သည္က အမွန္ဟူ၍ကား ဆံုးျဖတ္ေျပာဆိုမႈ မျပဳခဲ့ေပ။ ဤသို႔ ဆံုးျဖတ္ေျပာဆိုမႈ မျပဳခဲ့ျခင္းမွာလည္း “ဝင္ေလထြက္ေလကမၼ႒ာန္းကို ဝင္ေလမွစတင္အားထုတ္သူပင္ျဖစ္ေစ၊ ထြက္ေလမွစတင္အားထုတ္သူပင္ျဖစ္ေစ ေနာက္ဆံုးတြင္ သူသည္ အားထုတ္မႈ၏ ရလာဒ္ကို ခံစားရသည္သာ ျဖစ္သည္” ဟူေသာ အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္ေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေပသည္။ ဆရာအရွင္ ဗုဒၶေဃာသသည္ ဤက်င့္စဥ္ႏွင့္ပတ္သက္၍ အတိအက် သိနားလည္ခဲ့ရကား ဤအျမင္ရႈေထာင့္ကြဲျပားမႈမ်ားအေပၚ မည္သည့္မွတ္ခ်က္မွ်မျပဳဘဲ တမင္သက္သက္ လက္ေရွာင္ခဲ့ပံုရေပသည္။

But Ācariya Dhammapāla, in his work – Visuddhimagga Mahāṭīkā, supported the statement of the Suttanta commentaries with the reference of the Paṭisambhidāmagga. In the Paṭisambhidāmagga, it is said: 

သို႔ရာတြင္ ဆရာအရွင္ ဓမၼပါလသည္ကား သူ၏ ဝိသုဒၶိမဂ္မဟာဋီကာ၌ ပဋိသမၻိဒါမဂ္ကို အကိုးအကားျပၿပီးလွ်င္ သုတၱန္အ႒ကထာမ်ား၏ အဆိုကို ေထာက္ခံခဲ့ေပသည္။ ပဋိသမၻိဒါမဂ္၌ ဤသို႔ မိန္႔ဆိုထားသည္ …

‘for the one who follows the beginning, the middle and the end of in-breath with mindfulness, his mind and body are passionate, shaken and trembled due to the mind which is distraced the inside (ajjhattaṃ vikkhepagatena); for the one who follows the beginning, the middle and the end of out-breath with mindfulness, his mind and body are passionate, shaken and trembled due to the mind which is distraced the outside (bahiddhā vikkhepagatena).[4]
ဝင္ေလ၏ အစ၊ အလယ္၊ အဆံုးတို႔ကို သတိျဖင့္ လိုက္လံရႈမွတ္သူအား အတြင္းသႏၱာန္၌ ပ်ံ႕လြင့္ေသာစိတ္ေၾကာင့္ ကိုယ္ႏွင့္စိတ္သည္ ပူပန္၏၊ တုန္လႈပ္၏၊ အတန္ငယ္တုန္လႈပ္၏။ ထြက္ေလ၏ အစ၊ အလယ္၊ အဆံုးတို႔ကို သတိျဖင့္ လိုက္လံရႈမွတ္သူအား အပသႏၱာန္၌ ပ်ံ႕လြင့္ေသာစိတ္ေၾကာင့္ ကိုယ္ႏွင့္စိတ္သည္ ပူပန္၏၊ တုန္လႈပ္၏၊ အတန္ငယ္တုန္လႈပ္၏။ (ပဋိသံ၊ ၁၆၅၊ စာပိုဒ္ ၁၅၇)
The “ānāpānasati” actually means “the sensation of inhalation and exhalation through the nose in the context of mindfulness”. In accordance with the Buddhist texts, there are three touching points of each in-breath as well as out-breath. Of the breath moving inwards, the nose-tip or the upper lip is the starting point, the heart the middle point, and the navel the ending point. Conversely, of the exhaled breath, the navel is the commencement, the heart the central, and the nose-tip or the upper lip the last point.[5]
 
“အာနာပါနသတိ” ဟူသည္ကား  “သတိရွိရွိျဖင့္ ႏွာေခါင္းေလ ရွဴသြင္းမႈႏွင့္ ရွဴထုတ္မႈအာရံု” ကို ဆိုလိုသည္။ ဗုဒၶစာေပက်န္းဂန္မ်ားႏွင့္အညီ ဝင္ေလေတြ႔ထိရာဌာန သံုးခု၊ ထြက္ေလေတြ႔ထိရာဌာန သံုးခု ရွိေပသည္။ ဝင္ေလ ေတြ႔ထိရာဌာန သံုးခုကား ႏွာေခါင္းဖ်ား (သို႔မဟုတ္) အထက္ႏႈတ္ခမ္းသည္ အစ၊ ရင္ခ်ိဳင့္သည္ အလယ္၊ ခ်က္သည္ အဆံုးဌာနျဖစ္သည္။ ေျပာင္းျပန္အားျဖင့္ ထြက္ေလေတြ႔ထိရာဌာန သံုးခုကား ခ်က္သည္ အစ၊ ရင္ခ်ိဳင့္သည္ အလယ္၊ ႏွာေခါင္းဖ်ား (သို႔မဟုတ္) အထက္ႏႈတ္ခမ္းသည္ အဆံုးဌာနျဖစ္သည္။ 

In Myanmar Buddhist tradition, concerning breathing in and out, most teachers ask their followers to start from in-breath whenever engaging in the breathing meditation practice. Only very few teachers forcefully teach their followers to launch from out-breath. From the practical point of view, it should not be an argumentative issue for the meditators. It is a good start from either out-breath or in-breath if there is mindfulness on each breath. The most important thing is to establish mindfulness on breathing.

ျမန္မာ့ဗုဒၶဘာသာက်င့္စဥ္တြင္ ဝင္ေလထြက္ေလကမၼ႒ာန္းကို စီးျဖန္းရာ၌ ဝင္ေလထြက္ေလႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္၍ ဆရာအမ်ားစုသည္ သူတို႔၏တပည့္မ်ားကို ဝင္ေလမွစတင္အားထုတ္ရန္ တိုက္တြန္းေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။ ဆရာအနည္းစုသည္သာ ထြက္ေလမွစတင္အားထုတ္ရန္ တိုက္တြန္းေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။ လက္ေတြ႔ရႈေထာင့္မွ ၾကည့္လွ်င္ ထိုအျခင္းအရာသည္ တရားအားထုတ္သူမ်ားအတြက္ အျငင္းပြားစရာ ကိစၥတစ္ရပ္ မျဖစ္သင့္ပါေလ။ အသက္ရွဴတိုင္း သတိရွိေနလွ်င္ ထြက္ေလမွပင္စစ၊ ဝင္ေလမွပင္စစ ေကာင္းျမတ္ေသာ စတင္ျခင္းခ်ည္းပင္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ အေရးအႀကီးဆံုးမွာ ဝင္ေလထြက္ေလအေပၚ သတိရွိေနရန္ပင္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

Dr. Ashin Visarada (Rammavati)


[1] Ibid., III 82: ‘‘Kathaṃ bhāvitā ca, bhikkhave, ānāpānassati kathaṃ bahulīkatā mahapphalā hoti mahānisaṃsā? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu araññagato vā rukkhamūlagato vā suññāgāragato vā nisīdati pallaṅkaṃ ābhujitvā ujuṃ kāyaṃ paṇidhāya parimukhaṃ satiṃ upaṭṭhapetvā. So satova assasati satova passasati.
[2] Vism. I 263: Assāsoti bahi nikkhamanavāto. Passāsoti anto pavisanavātoti vinayaṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttaṃ. Suttantaṭṭhakathāsu pana uppaṭipāṭiyā āgataṃ; The Pāli Text Society's Pāli-English dictionary, Volume 4, P.91 (The PTS dictionary gives the same definitions of assāsa and passāsa as in the Vinaya commentary. On the other hand, when PTS translates the compound of the two words (assāsa-passāsa), it acknowledges as breathing in and out. In fact, it should be breathing out and in to coincide with the respective meaning of them.).
[3] qtd. in Vism. I 263: Tattha sabbesampi gabbhaseyyakānaṃ mātukucchito nikkhamanakāle paṭhamaṃ abbhantaravāto bahi nikkhamati. Pacchā bāhiravāto sukhumarajaṃ gahetvā abbhantaraṃ pavisanto tāluṃ āhacca nibbāyati. Evaṃ tāva assāsapassāsā veditabbā.
Pṭsm. 166: Assāsādimajjhapariyosānaṃ satiyā anugacchato ajjhattaṃ vikkhepagatena cittena kāyopi cittampi sāraddhā ca honti iñjitā ca phanditā ca. Passāsādimajjhapariyosānaṃ satiyā anugacchato bahiddhāvikkhepagatena cittena kāyopi cittampi sāraddhā ca honti iñjitā ca phanditā ca; VismṬ. I 317: Suttantanayena pana bahi uṭṭhahitvāpi anto sasanato assāso, anto uṭṭhahitvāpi bahi sasanato passāso. Ayameva ca nayo – ‘‘Assāsādimajjhapariyosānaṃ satiyā anugacchato ajjhattaṃ vikkhepagatena cittena kāyopi cittampi sāraddhā ca honti iñjitā ca phanditā cā’’ti, ‘‘passāsādimajjhapariyosānaṃ satiyā anugacchato bahiddhā vikkhepagatena cittena kāyopi cittampi sāraddhā ca honti iñjitā ca phanditā cā’’ti.
[5] PṭsmA. II 470: Paṭhamacchakke assāsādimajjhapariyosānanti abbhantarapavisanavātassa nāsikaggaṃ vā mukhanimittaṃ vā ādi, hadayaṃ majjhaṃ, nābhi pariyosānaṃ; Passāsādimajjhapariyosānanti bahinikkhamanavātassa nābhi ādi, hadayaṃ majjhaṃ, nāsikaggaṃ vā mukhanimittaṃ vā bahiākāso vā pariyosānaṃ.

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